The current generation of Tier 3-compliant engines have been designed to meet very stringent emissions regulations put in place by environmental agencies in Europe, the US and Japan – and as such, represent the pinnacle of construction equipment engine technology. Having said that, we can expect to see even more work on construction engines over the next few years, to achieve Tier 4 regulations (coming into force in the US between 2011 and 2015). Already, the on-highway transport industry is rolling out Tier 4-compliant engines. To meet the current Tier 3 requirements, the current generation of engines use various methods to minimise the levels of nitrous oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM) and other emissions that pollute the air.

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Common to all engine manufacturers’ solutions are very precise electronic engine management systems that can very accurately measure and meter the levels of fuel and air being delivered to the combustion system. As with all modern diesels, critical factors include clean fuel and correct filtration management, the correct engine lubricants, and proper engine maintenance management practices. However, in achieving the lower emissions required under Tier 3, different manufacturers have adopted different approaches. In Komatsu’s smaller ecot3 construction equipment engines, Tier 3 compliance is being achieved primarily through sophisticated electronic engine management. In its larger construction equipment engines, Komatsu, as with most other major engine manufacturers, has opted for what is known as cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) as part of its ecot3 solution to comply with lower emissions standards.

As its name implies, EGR involves recirculating a portion of cooled exhaust gases so that the NOx and PM levels are further reduced when the exhaust gases are released to the atmosphere. This process also helps to reduce any unburnt particulates during the combustion process. EGR technology is not new; it has been around for at least 30 years, and is regarded as reliable and well proven – although today it is applied to modern engines in a far more technically advanced manner.